Renal dysfunction resulting from acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a prevalent clinical condition for which there is a need for effective preventative and therapeutic strategies. Whereas AKI is typically abrupt in nature, CKD develops gradually over time causing a progressive deterioration in renal function. Although temporally distinct, AKI and CKD are closely related and interconnected, with each syndrome representing a risk factor for the other. Furthermore, both AKI and CKD are linked to other clinical disorders such as hypertension and heart disease resulting in cardiorenal syndrome. Inotiv offers a wide array of animal paradigms that model human conditions of AKI and CKD, including acute renal failure, acute and chronic renal ischemia/reperfusion, nephrotoxicity, and diabetic nephropathy.
Acute Kidney Injury & Failure (AKI / ARF)
| Model | Species | Top Tier Data |
|---|---|---|
| Unilateral Ureter Occlusion (UUO) | Rat & Mouse | • Renal Histology (fibrosis) • Renal Gene Expression • Kidney Cortex Hydroxyproline • Blood Pressure (direct and indirect) • Creatinine Clearance, GFR • Urinary Protein, KIM1, NGAL, Albumin, MCP-1, Osteopontin • Serum Creatinine, BUN, Electrolytes |
| Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion (I/R) | Rat & Mouse | |
| Glycerol Induced Rhabdomyolysis | Rat |
Nephrotoxicity
| Model | Species | Top Tier Data |
|---|---|---|
| Cisplatin | Mouse | • Creatinine Clearance • Urinary Protein, KIM1, NGAL, Albumin, MCP1 • Serum Creatinine, BUN |
| Acute Streptozotocin | Mouse | |
| Puromycin (PAN) | Rat |
Chronic Kidney Disease & Renal Insufficiency
| Model | Species | Top Tier Data |
|---|---|---|
| Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion | Rat & Mouse | • Creatinine Clearance, GFR • Urinary Protein, KIM1, NGAL, Albumin • Serum Creatinine, BUN • Blood pressure (Direct & Indirect) • Creatinine Clearance, GFR • Urinary Protein, KIM1, NGAL, Albumin, MCP-1 • Serum Creatinine, BUN, Electrolytes • Plasma NT-proBNP, NT-proANP |
| 5/6 NPX + NaCl (pole ablation method) | Rat & Mouse | |
| 5/6 NPX (renal infarction method) | Rat | |
| DOCA + Salt | Rat | |
| ANGII + L-NAME | Rat |
Autoimmune Kidney Injury
| Model | Species | Top Tier Data |
|---|---|---|
| Nephrotoxic Serum Nephritis (Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Ab) |
Mouse | • Creatinine Clearance • Urinary Protein, KIM1, NGAL, Albumin • Serum Creatinine, BUN |
| Passive Heymann Nephritis (Anti-Fx1A ab) | Rat |
Diabetic Nephropathy
| Model | Species | Top Tier Data |
|---|---|---|
| ZSF-1 (±NaCl, ±NPX) | Rat | • Blood Pressure (Direct & Indirect) • Creatinine Clearance, GFR • Urinary Protein, KIM1, NGAL, Osteopontin Albumin • Serum Creatinine, Bun, Electrolytes Triglycerides, Glucose, HbA1C • Kidney Histology (fibrosis, macrophages) • Kidney Profibrotic & Proinflammatory mRNA Expression • Cardiac Histology (Fibrosis, macrophages) • Cardiac Gene Expression • Echocardiography |
| Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) Rat | ||
| db/db Mouse (±NPX) | Mouse | |
| BtBr Mouse | Mouse | |
| Streptozotocin (±NPX) | Mouse (Rat – Under Development) |
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